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工作究竟应该视为幸福还是苦役?许多工作枯燥乏味令人厌烦,工作量超负荷令人倍感痛苦。英国思想家罗素认为,在工作负担并不过重的情况下,即使最无聊的工作也胜于无所事事,也能带给人幸福感。且看作者用经典四段式简述观点。此文乃万能英语论述文体,堪称写作模版,总分总结构强力Hold住各类英语考试写作。文小理足,细讲精读。
工作与快乐
Work and Happiness
伯特兰·罗素
Bertrand Russell
When work is a pleasure, life is joy;
when work is duty, life is slavery.
当工作是一种乐趣时,生活是一种享受;
当工作是一种义务时,生活则是一种苦役。
14点直播
Work and Happiness
(excerpt)
四段论之提出问题
Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question.
工作是否是产生快乐的众多原因之一,似乎还是个令人疑惑的问题。
There is certainly much work which is exceedingly irksome,and an excess ofwork is always very painful.
的确有许多工作令人极度厌烦,而且超负荷地工作更是让人叫苦不迭。
I think, however, that provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness.
然而,我却认为,如果工作量不是很大的话, 对于大多数人来说即便是最无聊的工作也比闲着无事要好得多。
There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tediumup to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the workand the abilities of the worker.
根据工作性质和工人的能力,工作被划分为不同的等级,包括从仅能为人消除烦闷的到可以为人提供更深层次快乐的。
Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages.
大多数人不得不从事的工作本身大都无乐趣可言,但是,即便是这样的工作也有很多益处。
1. Duty [英][?dju:ti] [美][?duti] n.职责,责任;义务;职责或工作;税收
Something that you have to do because it is part of your job, or something that you feel is the right thing to do:
2. Slavery [英][?sle?v?ri] [美][?slev?ri, ?slevri] n.奴隶身份; 奴隶制度; 苦役,奴隶般的劳动; 奴役,束缚,屈从,耽迷(酒色等)
The activity of having slaves or the condition of being a slave:
3. Exceedingly (Adverb) [英][?k?si:d??li] [美][?k?sid??li] adv.非常,极其,特别,十分;极大地;过分地;极度地,极端
To a very great degree:
4. Irksome [英][??:ks?m] [美][??rks?m] adj.<正>令人厌烦的
Annoying:
5. An excess of 过量的
An amount that is more than acceptable, expected, or reasonable:
6. Dullest ( from: dull – more dull- dullest) adj.无聊的,迟钝的( dull的最高级 );不鲜明的;不活跃的;不热心的
Not interesting or exciting in any way:
7. Idleness [英]['a?dln?s] [美][?a?dln?s] n.懒惰;闲散;无益,无效;失业
Boring, without any particular purpose:
8. Grade [英][gre?d] [美][ɡred]
A level of quality, size, importance, etc. of for example a persons’ work, income, character or school achievements:
9. Mere [英][m??(r)] [美][m?r] adj.仅仅,只不过;小的,轻微的;纯粹的
n.小湖,池塘;〈英〉边境(线)
Used to emphasize that something is not large or important:
10. Tedium [英][?ti:di?m] [美][?tidi?m] n.单调乏味,令人生厌,冗长
The quality or state of being boring for a long time:
11. The nature of something/someone (work/a person) 某事/某人的特征
The type or main characteristic of someone or something/ some activity:
12. In itself 本身
In its own nature, intrinsically:
论点一
To begin with, it fillsa good many hours of the day without the needs of deciding what one shall do.
首先,它将一天中的大部分时间都占满了,人们不需要去决定做什么。
Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a lossto think of anything sufficientlypleasant to be worthdoing, and whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter.
对于大多数人来说,当他们能够自由支配时间, 完全按照自己的选择来做事情的时候,他们往往不知所措,想不出任何有趣而又值得去做的事情。 不管最后决定做什么,他们都会心存困扰,总觉得还会有更令人开心的事情可做。
To be able fill leisureintelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level.
能够明智地利用闲暇时间是文明社会的最终产物,而现在,很少有人能达到这种程度。
13. A good many 很多
A lot of:
14. To be at a loss 不知道该做什么
Not knowing what to do:
15. Sufficiently (Adverb) [英][s?'f??ntl?] [美][s??f???ntl?] adv.足够地,充分地;十分,相当
Enough for a particular purpose:
16. To be worth 值得
To be important or interesting enough to receive attention or a particular action:
17. Leisure 英 [?le??(r)] 美 [?li??r] n.空闲时间;闲暇; 悠闲; 安逸adj.空闲的; 闲暇的;
The time when you are not working or doing other duties:
18. Civilization 英 [?s?v?la??ze??n] 美 [?s?v?l??ze??n] n.文明,文化; 开化,教化; 修养; 文明社会
Human society with its well developed
social organizations, or the culture and way of life of a society or country at a particular period in time:
论点一递进
Moreover, the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. Except to people with unusual initiative, it is positivelyagreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, providedthat the ordersare not too unpleasant.
此外, 做出选择本身就很无聊。除了那些有非凡的主动性的人之外,其他人肯定乐于被告知在一天的每时每刻应该做些什么,前提是命令他们做的事不能太令人厌烦。
Most of the idle richsuffer unspeakable boredomas the price of their freedom from drudgery. At times they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youthis past.
因此,比较聪明的有钱男人会像穷人一样努力地工作,而大多数富有的女人则忙碌于琐事,并坚持认为自己所做的事情异常重要。
Accordingly,the intelligent rich men work nearly ashard as if they were poor, while rich womenfor the most part keep themselves busy with innumerable triflesof whose earthshakingimportance they are firmly persuaded.
作为大多数无所事事的有钱人摆脱单调乏味工作之苦的代价, 他们都忍受着一种无以言表的无聊。有时,他们通过去非洲狩猎或环球旅行来解闷,但这类刺激毕竟数量有限,尤其到了中年以后更是如此。
19. Initiative 英 [??n???t?v] 美 [??n???t?v] n.主动性; 主动精神; 倡议; 主动权adj.自发的; 创始的; 初步的;
The ability to use your judgment to make decisions and do things without needing to be told what to do:
20. Positively 英 [?p?z?t?vli] 美 [?pɑz?t?vli] adv.明确地;断然地; 肯定地;
In a good or positive way:
21. Agreeable 英 [??gri:?bl] 美 [??ɡri?b?l] adj.令人愉快的,惬意的; 有礼貌的; 同意的,接受的; 适合的,一致的
Able to be accepted by everyone:
22. Provided that 在. ..条件之下
On condition that, with the understanding that
23. Orders 英 ['??d?rs] 美 ['?rd?rs] n.(基督教的)圣职,牧师职; 命令( order的名词复数 ); 秩序; (会议、议会等的)程序 次序;
Something that someone with authority tells you to do:
24. Idle 英 [?a?dl] 美 [?a?dl] adj.无意义的; 空闲的; 懒惰的; 无根据的vi.虚度; 空转; 挂空挡; 未熄火vt.虚度; 使空转;n.(尤指暂时地)关闭工厂,使(工人)闲着;
Boring, not working, lazy and not willing to work:
25. Unspeakable 英 [?n?spi:k?bl] 美 [?n?spik?b?l] adj.无法形容的; 坏不堪言的; 不可说的,不应被讲出来的; 说不出口
Too bad or shocking to be expressed in words:
26. Boredom 英 [?b?:d?m] 美 [?b?rd?m] n.讨厌,令人讨厌的事物; 无聊,无趣; 厌倦;
The state of being bored:
27. Drudgery 英 [?dr?d??ri] 美 [?dr?d??ri] n.苦工,贱役,单调沉闷的工作;
Hard boring work:
28. Relief 英 [r??li:f] 美 [r??lif] n.宽慰,安心; 免除,减轻; 救援物资; 代班人
A feeling of happiness that something unpleasant has not happened or has ended:
29. Sensation (plural: sensations) 英 [sen?se??n] 美 [s?n?se??n] n.感觉; 直觉; 知觉; 轰动
A general feeling caused by something that happens to you, especially a feeling that you cannot describe exactly:
30. Limited 英 [?l?m?t?d] 美 [?l?m?t?d] adj.有限的;(君主权力)受宪法限制的; 〈美〉乘客名额有限制的; (智力,能力等)有限的n.高级快车; 直达的火车或汽车;
Kept within a particular size, range, time, etc.:
31. Youth 英 [ju:θ] 美 [juθ] n.年轻; 青年,小伙子; 初期,少年(青年)时期; 〈集合词〉青少年们
The period of your life when you are young, or the state of being young:
32. Accordingly 英 [??k?:d??li] 美 [??k?rd??li] adv.因此,于是; 依据; 照着,相应地;
In a proper or appropriate way, as a result, in a way that suits the facts, needs, or requirements of a situation:
33. Nearly as… as 几乎是
Almost, or not completely:
34. For the most part 对于大多数部分
Mostly or usually:
35. Innumerable 英 [??nju:m?r?bl] 美 [??num?r?bl] adj.无数的,数不清的; 指不胜屈; 不可胜数; 无可胜数
Too many to be counted
36. Trifles 英 [t'ra?f?lz] 美 [t'ra?f?lz] n.无价值的东西( trifle的名词复数 ); 琐事;少量; 乳脂松糕v.轻视,小看( trifle的第三人称单数 );
A matter or object of little value or importance:
37. Earthshaking 英 ['?:θ??e?k??] 美 ['?θ?e?k??] adj.震撼全球的,极为重大的,翻天覆地的; 惊天动地;
Extremely important or great in effect:
38. Firmly 英 [?f?:mli] 美 [?f?rmli] adv.坚固地; 稳固地; 坚定地; 坚决地
Strongly and tightly, in a way that is certain or not likely to change:
39. Persuaded (from: to persuade.) [p??sweidid] v.说服( persuade的过去式和过去分词 ); 劝告; 使信服; 使相信
To make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or believe it:
论点一总结
Work therefore is desirable, first and foremost, as a preventive of boredom, for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessarythoughuninteresting work is nothing in comparison withthe boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days.
所以,工作是值得期待的,首先因为它能够防止无聊情绪的产生,因为与整天无所事事的无聊相比,人们做着尽管无趣却必需的工作时所带来的烦躁就显得无所谓了。
With this advantage of work another is associated, namely that it makes holidays much more delicious when they come. Provided a man does not have to work so hard as to impair his vigour, he is likely to find far morezest in his free time than an idle man could possibly find.
与此相关的优点还有一个,就是 假日的到来会令人感觉更加美妙。如果一个人不必因工作而累得体力不支的话,他就可能比那些无事可做的人发现更多的闲暇乐趣。
40. Desirable 英 [d??za??r?bl] 美 [d??za?r?b?l] adj.令人满意的; 值得拥有的; 可取的; 性感的n.称心如意的人[东西];
Worth having and wanted by most people:
41. First and foremost 首先
More than anything else:
42. A preventive of sth.防止某事发生
Intended to stop something before it happens:
43. Though 英 [ð??] 美 [ðo?] conj.虽然,尽管; 即使; 纵然;adv.可是,但是; 不过; 然而; 话虽这样说prep.但;
But, despite the fact that:
44. In comparison with 在比较. ..
The act of comparing two or more people or things:
45. Associated 英 [??s???ie?t?d] 美 [??so??ie?t?d] 与....相关
To think of one person or thing when you think of another person or thing or to be together with another person or group as friends, partners, etc.
46. Namely 英 [?ne?mli] 美 [?nemli] adv.即,也就是; 换句话说; 亦即; 就是说
Used when you want to give more detail or be more exact about something you have just said:
47. To impair 损害
To spoil something or make it weaker so that it is less effective:
48. Vigour 英 [?v?g?(r)] 美 [?v?ɡ?] n.精力,活力; 气势; 强健; 有力行动
Strength, energy, or enthusiasm, strength of thought, opinion, expression, etc.:
49. Zest 英 [zest] 美 [z?st] n.兴趣,热情; 风味,滋味; 风趣; 热功率热核反应装置v.给…调味;
Enthusiasm, eagerness, energy, and interest:
论点二
(泛读)
The second advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition.
多数有报酬的工作和某些没有报酬的工作还有第二个好处, 那就是它们提供了成功的机会和实现抱负的可能。
In most work success is measured by income and while our capitalistic society continues,this is inevitable. It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natural one to apply.
在多数工作中,收入的多少是衡量成功与否的标准,当我们这个资本主义社会继续存在时,这是不可避免的。只有在工作最好的情况下收入才不再被用作当然的衡量标准。
The desire that men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for the extra comforts that a higher income can procure.
人们想增加收入当然是出自钱多了可以获得更多的舒适享受这一愿望, 但同样也出自想获得成功的愿望。
However dull work may be, it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation, whether in the world at large or only in one's own circle.
无论工作多么枯燥单调,如果它是能够使人逐渐成名的手段,无论是在世界上出名还是就在自己的圈子里出名,那么这工作就不再难以忍受了。
结论
Continuity of purpose is one of the most essential ingredients of happiness in the long run,and for most men this comes chiefly through their work.
归根结底, 幸福的最重要的因素之一是有始终如一的目的感。而对多数人来说这样的目的感主要来自他们的工作。
作者简介
伯特兰·罗素(Bertrand Russell,1872—1970)是二十世纪英国哲学家、数理逻辑学家、历史学家,无神论或者不可知论者,也是上世纪西方最著名、影响最大的学者和和平主义社会活动家之一,罗素也被认为是与弗雷格、维特根斯坦和怀特海一同创建了分析哲学。他与怀特海合著的《数学原理》对逻辑学、数学、集合论、语言学和分析哲学有着巨大影响。1950年,罗素获得诺贝尔文学奖,以表彰其“多样且重要的作品,持续不断的追求人道主义理想和思想自由”。他的代表作品有《幸福之路》、《西方哲学史》、《数学原理》、《物的分析》等。
在现代西方哲学界,逻辑学界以及社会政治领域内,罗素都享有崇高声誉。
在学术领域,他不仅是风靡20世纪的分析哲学的主要创始人,而且是对数学逻辑的发展作出过重要贡献的逻辑学家,他在政治领域所从事的大量活动,在国际舞台上有很大影响。
作为分析哲学的主要创始人,罗素对分析哲学的影响不仅仅表现在他所提出的观点上,而且表现在他对分析哲学的其它两位创始人穆尔和维特根斯坦,对逻辑实证主义主要代表人物卡尔纳普,对逻辑实用主义的主要代表硼因等人,都产生了直接的影响。
作为一位逻辑学家,罗素甚至被看作是亚里士多德以来最伟大的逻辑学家。他在数学逻辑方面的贡献是举世公认的,他和怀特海合作的《数学原理》一书已被公认为现代数理逻辑这门科学的奠基石。他所提出的“罗素悖论”刺激和推动了20世纪逻辑学的发展,他的类型理论为解决这个悖论作出重大贡献。他所主张的逻辑主义——即认为可以用逻辑概念来定义数学的核心概念也对数学发展产生了一定影响。
作为一位社会活动家和社会思想家,罗素数十年如一日地致力于教育,伦理,婚姻,社会改革,历史,政治的探讨以及女权主义运动与和平运动他的探讨和活动改变了人们对生活的态度,使无数人走进哲学,他的知识成果在全世界开花,郁郁葱葱。
凭阅读本身并不能提高我们对任何事物的理解能力。
如果一生中能读到一本好书,
在阅读中又感到乐趣,
这种乐趣又把我们引深到思考中去,
在思辨中再得到更大的乐趣,
这才是一本好书应有的价值,
也是它真正存在的意义。
——罗素
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